ṬAWNG HUMHAL

~ Lalthankunga Hmar [HLS Joint Conference (18-19 NOv.,2014) a Pu Lalthankunga Hmar a paper present a nih]

Hmar ṭawng hawrawp hmang dân ang hmang lova Hmar ṭawng ziek, mi ṭhenkhat ei um leiin, ṭhangthar ṭhenkhat, a ngaina hre lova um an um hlak. Hieng ang thil danglamin ei ṭawng a hung rùn el hi chu, Hmar ṭawng inṭhang lai mek ta ding chun, thil vangduoithlâk tak a nih. Ṭhangthar tamtak chun Hmar ṭawng ziekna A AW B hi an inchùk ve naw a. A tlângpuiin, English medium Sikul-a seilien tamtak ei um tah. Chuleichun, Hmar ṭawng ziek dan pangngai ei lo thiem naw a ni khawmin, a âwmna chin a um. Amiruokchu, ei ṭawng a ni leiin ei thiem a ṭul si a. Mani ṭawng na nâ na chu, hei inchûk met inla, ei thiem el ding chu a nih. English Alphabet-a inthawka ei ṭawng ziek dawk ei tum tlat a ni ruok chun, ei ṭawng hi ziek dik ngai nawng ei t’a; ei ṭawng mawina hi ei sukpher ding a nih. 

Hmar ṭawng hi, English Alphabet-a ziek dik thei a ni naw leiin, Hmar ṭawng ziek dik thei dan hnai tak chu, Lusei ṭawng ziekna dinga siem Lushai Alphabet ei hmang ve hi a ni a. Chu Alphabet chu hmangin, Hmar ṭawng hi kum 100 deuthaw ei lo ziek ta bawk a nih. Hun hung inher peiin, Hmar A AW B inchûk ve lo, English Medium Sikul-a seilienhai chun, English Alphabet-a inthawka Hmar ṭawng ziek naw chu, indik tâwk naw anga ngaina hung neiin, an inchûkna, an seilienpui Sâpṭawng ziekdâna ziek chu indik lem ding anga ngaina an hung nei ta tlat a. Ei ṭawng hi Sâp hawrawp (English) A B C hmanga zieksuok theilo a um lei taka ei awphâwi mila A AW B siema um hi, ei ṭawng ziekna dinga ei hmang a nih ti ei hriet naw chun, ṭhangtharhai hi ei buoi ding a ni hrim a nih. Sâp hawrawpa a tlukpui a umnaw leia ‘Ṭ’ le ‘O’ hi a bîktaka ei ṭawng mila siem a nih ti khawm hi hriet a pawimaw khawp el.

Hmar ṭawng hi naupang ta naw sien khawm, hawrawp hmanga ei ṭawng ei ziek ṭanna ruok hi chu, kum 100 khawm la tling lo a nih. Ei ṭawng chungchàng ei hrietfie theina dingin, Sâp hawrawp le Sâp ṭawng (English) hin ieng anga tuta ngirhmun hi hung tlung thei am a ni a? ti hi, hriet hmasak ṭulin a’n lang.
English ei ti Sâpṭawng hi, Germanic ṭawng le ṭawng dang dang Norse, Celtic, etc hai lâkkhâwma inthawka hung insiem a ni a. A hawrawp nêk hmanin a ṭawng hi nasatakin a danglam lem a. Zieka hawrawp an nei hnungin tuta ngirhmun an tlungna ding hin kum 1564 vel a aw a nih. English hi a hun ang peiin ṭhuong 4-a ṭhe thei a nih. Chuonghai chu Old English (450 AD-1100 AD), Middle English (1100 AD-1500 AD), Early Modern English (1500 AD-1800 AD) le Present day English (1800 AD- Vawisûn ni chen) hai an nih. Old English hun laia Sâpṭawng le tulaia Sâpṭawng ei ti hi a thu (a ṭawng) le a umzie haiah inangna an nei tlâwm hle a. Middle English hun a inthawk ruok chun Sâpṭawng thumal hai khawm tulai Sâpṭawng leh inangna an hung nei ṭan a. Amiruokchu a ziek dân (spelling) a la danglam anih ti chu a hnuoia entirnaa hin a chieng hle a nih.
Entirna: Canterbury Tales: “Wepyng and waylyng, care and oother sorwe..” Translation : “Weeping and wailing, care and other sorrow..”

Early Modern English hun a inthawkin tûlaia Sâpṭawng thumal ziek dân (spelling) ang hi an hung hmang ṭan a. Kum 1050 sung Old English le Middle English hmang a ni hnungin tuta English Alphabet ABC, hawrawp mal 26 nei hi hmang a ni a. ABC hmang a nia inthawka vawisun chen, kum 514 vêl sûng hin English hawrawp mal hi belsa amani pei an nei ta nawh a, thumal thar tamtak ruok chu belsain a um zing bawk a nih. English hi literature khawvelah an lo duoi naw hle a. Old English hun laia hla ‘Beowulf’ lem hi chu Sâpṭawnga ‘Alliteration style’-a an ziek a nih a, alliterative tlar 3182 a um an ti a nih. Ei hrietthiem thei ding chun alliteration style chu ‘Tawite! thingtuoite tawitete’n tan tawi ta’ ei tî ang chi hi ni âwm a nih. 

Sâpṭawng hi ei en chet chet chun a hawrawp inzieka inthawka a rî hung suok a ni lai zingin thumal tamtak hi chu a hawrawp le a thumal hung suoka inthawk hin a lamdan a’ n persan hle a. Entirna dingin ‘cut’ le ‘put’ hin ‘u’ an hmang ve vea chu a lamrîk dân chu a dang dai a nih. Chun, Hmar ṭawnga ‘aw’ rî ang hi Sâp ṭawng thumala ‘a’ le ‘w’ inkawp thumalhai hi an ri ve a. Eg. Law, Saw, Paw etc. Amiruokchu thumal Await, Award etc.-a hai hin ‘a’ ri le ‘w’ ri hi a hranin a fe ve ve a nih. Chu umzie chu Sâp ṭawnga ‘a le w’ inkawp le Hmar ṭawnga ‘aw’ hi an inang nawh ti a sukchieng a nih. Chun, Sâpṭawng hawrawp (letter) ‘O’ le Hmar ṭawng hawrawp ‘O’ (Awu) hi a ri suok dân an inang nawzie chu ei hrietsa vawng ni sien khawm, mi tamtakin ‘aw’ thlûktâwi aia ‘o’ an hmang hi a’n dik chie am ? ti ruok hi chu ngaituo tham a tling bawk a nih. ‘O’ hmangna Sâp ṭawng thumal tamtak Eg. fog, fob, bond, boss, dog, fold, gold, hob, hog, log, mob, song, etc hai hi Sâpṭawng vêka ‘a’ le ‘w’ inkawp hmangna thumala an thlûk anga thlûk a nih a, eg. fawn, pawn etc. ‘O’ an hmang lei elin Hmar ṭawnga ‘k-aw-p’ aia ‘kop’, ‘v-aw-k’ aia ‘vok’, ‘b-aw-k’ aia ‘bok’ etc ziektuhai lamrîk dân ang chun a rî a suok chuong nawh tî chu a hretu vawng ei ni ring a um. A chunga ei lo hril ta ang khan ṭhangthar tamtak hi, English Medium -a seilien an nî el bakah Hmar ṭawng inchûk lo an ni leiin Hmar ṭawnga ‘v-aw-k’ (pig) an ziek pha ‘o’ hin ‘aw’ hmun hi va khîk chat ding anga ngai hlie hliena an nei lei a ‘vok’ ti a ziek an nih. Hi hi ngaidân hi, an lungril le ngaituona inthûktak, sub-conscious mind-a inphûm nghet tlat a ni leiin indik lem anga ngâina an nei tlat lei a nih. Chu umzie chu ṭhangthar tamtak hin ‘O’ (Awu) hi an hriet ngai nawh a, ‘Aw’ hi English a ‘O’ anga an ngai tlat lei a nih. Hieng ang pawl hin ‘Mo’ (bride) khawm ‘M-o-u’ tia an ziek el hlak hi a mak naw rêng a nih. Hindi (Devanagari) chun ‘Aw’ le ‘O’ hi a hranin an nei ve ve; ‘Aw’ chu ओ, ‘O’ chu औ. ‘Paw’ le ‘Po’ chu पो le पौ tiin an ziek. ‘Mo’ chu मौ tiin an ziek a, Sâpṭawng a ‘ou’ chu ‘u’, (Soup, Tour, Ignou) anga an ri châng a um leiin ‘M-o-u’ chu मू ti a an ziek ring a um. 

Chun, thlûk tâwina ding hmuna ziek dân style thar hmang haiin ‘o’ hi thlûk tâwiah ‘aw’ aiin an hmang a, thlûkseiah ‘aw’ hi an hmang zing tho a. Thumal inang umzie hrang ve ve, eg. ‘Kawi’ (broken) le ‘Kâwi’ (bend) ei lo ziek ding a ni chun, a thlûktawiah ‘koi’ tia ziek ngai a ta, chu chu Hmar ṭawng chun ‘ko-i’ tiin a ri a suok ding a nih. Hi hin ‘aw’ aia ‘o’ hmang vawng theinawna a um a nih ti a sukchieng bawk. Chun ei ṭawng hi hnam danghai tiem thei dinga thlûk tâwiah ‘o’, thlûkseiah ‘aw’ ei hmang a ni chun hieng thlûksei thumal ‘Kâwi’ (bend), ‘Tâwi’ (short), ‘Mâwi’ (beautiful) etc. hai hi hnam dangin an lam pha, ‘Ka-wee’ (Langkawi in Malaysia), Ta-wee (Jammu Tawi Railway Station) le Ma-wee tiin an lam dingzie chu India News Chanel Chanchinthar tiemtuhaiin ‘Hawla’ khawm ‘Hawala’ tia an lam hin a sukchieng a. Roman hawrawp hmang ve tho, hnam dang ṭawng indik taka tiem harsa ei tî ang hin ei ṭawng khawm hnamdangin awlsam taka an tiem theinaw hi a âwm rêng a nih. 

Sâpṭawng khawm a hawrawp a inthawka a thumal hung suok hi a lamdan a’ n persan tho an nawm (eg. cut, put) ti a ei ṭawng hi a thumal le a hawrawphai ei thlâkdanglam nuom a ni chun (eg. khomin, kona), tûlaia Sâpṭawng ei hmang mêk hung pieng dân ei hril ang khin tuta ei hmang mêk ei Hmar ṭawng le a hawrawp hi kum 300 vêl bêk inthuruol takin la hmang inla, chu zovah chun hmangtlâk le hmangtlâklohai chu chiengtakin hriet ni tâng a tih. 

Hmar ṭawng hi zieka ei nei hmasatakna chu 1920 kum a ni a. Chanchin ṭha Marka bumal sut a nih. A kum zâwnga sût chun kum 94 a liem âwr vêl chau a nih. Tûchena Hmar ṭawnga ei lekhabu nei po po khawm 700 a chuong âwr chau a nih. Chuleichun, a ziekna hawrawp thlâkdanglamna ding chun lekha ziek khawm ei la hau tâwk naw deu chu niin a’n lang. Chun, Hmar ṭawng hi Roman hawrawp Sâpṭawng English mila siem a ni nawh. A Aw B mi lo siempektu Arthington Mission, London in an hung tir Missionary FW Savidge le JH Lorraine hai kha English an ni a. Kum 3 chau Aizawl a an um hnungin kum 1897 khan Arthington Mission chu Welsh Mission in a hung thlak a. Welsh Missionary thar hai chun Welsh ṭawng ziek dân le lam dânhai chu lungrila hre zing pumin ei ṭawng le ei awphâwi milin A Aw B chu a hmang dân ding ang takin hmang a hung ni ta a. Hi hi hre tlâng inla chu ei buoi ei buoi ring a um nawh. Welsh ṭawng hin Alphabet (Hawrawp mal) 29 a nei a. Chuonghai chu; A, B, C, Ch, D, Dd, E, F Ff, G, Ng, H, I, J, L, Ll, M, N, O, P, Ph, R, Rh, S, T, Th, U, W, Y an nih a. K, Q, V, X le Z an nei nawh. Amiruokchu thumal ṭhenkhatah English hawrawp haw a an ziekhai chu a um ve tho. Eg Wrexham(x)-Wrecsam, Zw(Z)-Zoo. Welsh ṭawnga chun ‘C’ hi ‘K’ angin an ri. Eg Canu=Kanee; chuong ang bawk chun ‘Dd’ chu ‘Th’ (Ddofon=Thovon), ‘F’ chu ‘V’ (afon=avon), ‘Ff’ chu ‘F’ (FFyrdd=Furth), ‘Ll’ chu ‘Thl’ (Llan=Thlan), ‘Oe’ chu ‘Oi’ (Oen=Oin), ‘U’ chu ‘EE’ (Cu=Key), ‘W’ chu ‘U’ (Cwm=Koom), ‘Wy’ chu ‘Wi’ (Wyn=Win). ‘Y’ hin ri chi hnih a nei a, ei ṭawnga ‘A’ le ‘I’ ri angin an hmang ve ve. Eg Yn=Un, Fry=Vree. Chun, ‘Aw’ hi Hmar ṭawng ‘Aw’ ang charin an ri a, ‘Rh’ khawm hi Hmar ṭawng ‘Hr’ ang charin an ri bawk. Eg. Rhag (hrag), Rhy (Hree). Ei hmang dân anglo takin ‘H’ hmasa lem lovin ‘R’ a hmasa lemah an sie a nih. Ei hawrawp ‘O’ (Awu) ruok chu an nei ve nawh. ‘O’ chu English a ‘O’ angin an hmang Eg ‘Dod’.
English a “Good luck: I hope that you can read this, and that it makes sense to you” hi Welsh hawrawp chun “Gwd lwc: Ai hop ddat yw can ryd ddys and ddat yt meiks sens tw yw” tia ziek ding a nih.
Hieng ang bawk hin khawvêla hnam dang dang Roman hawrawp hmanghai hi an ṭawng ziek dânhai a’n ang nâw seng a. German chun ‘Skh’ aiah ‘Sch’, Kokborok chun ‘Surang’ hi ‘Swrwng’ tiin an ziek. Ei kâwl ela unau Thado-Kuki chun ‘Tui’ hi ‘Twi’ tiin an ziek a, Finnish chun ‘Haerky’ hi ‘Järki’ tiin an ziek bawk. Roman hawrawp hmanglo Assamese khawma ‘Kh’ aiah ‘X’ an hmang Eg. অসমীয়া = Ôxômiya.
Ei buoina hi ieng dang nilovin Hmar ṭawng hi Sâp ṭawng (English)-a ziek le tiem ei tum phêt phêt lei a nih. Sâpṭawng ei thiem tâwl ta êm leiin a mi sukbuoi zo am an ta ding? Hmar ṭawng chu Hmar ṭawngin ziek inla, Hmar ṭawnga inziek chu Hmar ṭawngin tiem tum bawk inla tûkhawm a buoi ding ei um nawh. Khawvêla Roman hawrawp hmang po po hin an ṭawng hi Sâpṭawng-a ziek le tiem tum vawng hai sienla chu, buoi hleng an tih. An thaw nâwna san chu mâni ṭawng le identity an humhal tlat nuom lei a nih. A chunga ei târlang Finnish hawrawp ‘A’ chunga sunhâng pahni um ‘ Ä / ä ’ ri suok dân hi English a ‘a’ le ‘e’ inkawp ‘æ’-a inthawka hung suok ang hi a nih a. Eini râwi angin a chunga sunhâng pahni ziek hi a buoithlâk bâkah tulai computer le mobile-ah ‘ ä ’ amani ‘æ’ khawm a um bawk si naw leiin thangtharhai ta dinga a awlsam lemna dingin ‘ae’ hmang el ei tiu an ti ngai nawh. Chun, unau Thado/Kuki hai khawmin ‘Twi’ a w’ aiah ‘u’ hmangin ‘Tui’ tiin ziek ve el ei tiu an ti khawm ka la hriet ngai bawk nawh. Khawvêl a Roman hawrawp hmang, ṭawng tam tak hin thlûk sinsiena (Diacritic) an hmang deu vawng a, a ṭhen a zâr hang suklang ei tih. Danish & Norwegian haiin ø ö å an hmang a, West Iberian Group haiin ñ Ḷ Ḥ an hmang a, Polish haiin ą ć ę ł ń ó ś ź ż an hmang a, Latvian haiin ᶄ ᶅ ᶇ an hmang a, Azerbaizan haiin ҫ ğ ö ş an hmang a, ei ṭhenum el a Vietnamese haiin ơ ứ ă â ê ô an hmang bawk a nih. Diacritics hi tam tak a um a, ei ‘Ṭ’ chu hieng hawrawp hai le hin tekhi tham chu a ni naw ngei! Chuongchu eini khawm ei thâw dân ding ni âwm tak a nih. Ei unau hnamdang haiin ‘O’ (Awu) an nei naw leia an nuomna hmun hmun a, ‘O’ le ‘OU’ an hmang el ang hi chu nî tum nâwng ei tiu. Hi hin ‘O’ ei nei leia ei vângnei bîk zie mi hrilhretu ni ngei sien nuom a um hle. Chun ‘Ṭ’ chungchâng lem hi chu a tlukpui a umnawzie chu ei unau hnamdang haiin ‘Ṭhangpui’ tîna ding a, ‘Tharangpui’ tia ei nakâwra lût rawp hin ei vângneizie mi’n hriet suoktir sien nuom a um hle bawk a nih.

Ṭhangtharin an ziek thiem nawh ei tî hi suonlam a tling nawh a. Ei A Aw B hmanga Hmar ṭawng ziek dân standard pângngâi ei nei le ei hmang mêk hi Hmar ṭawng ziek dân indiktak a nih tia ṭhangtharhai inchûktir hi ei mâwphurna a nih. Chuleiin, a sukbuoi zâwng ni lovin ṭhangtharin an entawn le an inchûk thei dinga ziek dân standard ei hmang mêk dungzuia ziek hi mi tin mâwphurna a nih. A sâwt a seiah ei ziek dân anga ei lam hun la um ngei a tih. Ṭhenkhat baua inthawka Mosie tina dinga Mawsie, KṬP {Kay Ṭ (Linguistically Retroflex flap) Pee} tina dinga Kay Tiri Pee ti a suok hi ka nakâwr ngei hin vawi tam a hriet tah. {Ti-ri ni lovin English thumal ‘Tree’-a ‘Tr’ (Linguistically Alveolar flap) ri suok dân ang} Khawla’m ei ‘O’ le ‘Ṭ’ a um ta a? ‘Aw’ aia ‘O’ le ‘Ṭ’ aia ‘Tr’ ei hmang lei a ni thei di’m? Chulei tak chun ei ṭawng hi ei humhal a ṭul hrim a nih. Inthuruolna hi hrâtna a ni ang hrimin ei ṭawng ziek dâna chen khawm ei inthuruol ta nâw chun, a Literature chauvah ni lovin thil dang dangah râ ṭhanaw tak hung hring suok pei a tih. Hnam ta dinga ei ṭhangmâwbâwk a’n chang hma hin ei harsuok chu a hun ta hle naw maw…?